Who are the Tai?
- Mongoloid stock of Tai ethnic group
- Spread over southwester china, Hainan, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and northeast India in Assam.
- Based on colour of the dress they are called differently (Tai dam, along the black river Tai leng along the red river) etc.
- In the fertile basins of the Huanghwe or yellow river and Yangtze river. Migrated into China before Chinese themselves.
- They were called white barbarians, black barbarians and golden teeth (describe by Fan Ch’o a Chinese officials of the Tang dynasty)
- Good agriculturists
- Tai language was widely used and many Tai words were incorporated into Chinese language in later days. Influential language in fertile region of yellow river.
- Tai were always move and they never tired of finding a new place and establishing new bann, mong, keng. They are requited to maintain their identity, cultural heritage .
- Some historians claim that Tai people are, in BC 3000, the inhabitants of Asia, central part of the land now known as China. Rev. William C. Dodd, a Christian missionary, stated that the Tai settled in the land now known as China before Chinese arrived, based on Chinese annals of 2200 BC.
- Most likely, according to the history of Tai people, they were under attack many times by many groups such as Monkhmer, Mongol and Chinese for centuries. They were dispersed to many places in Southeast Asia because of war. They ended up “people without country” in other countries such as China, Burma, India and Vietnam and became a minority group of people in those countries.
- The great Tai race, who number today about 100 million, had established numerous Kingdoms and States in the past and still govern the two nations of Thailand and Laos. Tai people consider Thailand and Laos as Tai countries existing today.
Tai Kingdom
- Shan had their country and ruled by King since BC 2000 up to 16 the Century.
- There were nine Shan kingdoms recorded in early history.
- Tsu Kingdom (မိူင်းသိူဝ်) (BC 2000 - BC 222)
- Ai Lao Kingdom (မိူင်းတႆးဢၢႆႈလၢဝ်) (AD 47 - AD 225)
- Nan Chao (မိူင်းလၢၼ်ႉၸဝ်ႈ) (AD 649 - AD 1252)
- Muong Mao Lone Kingdom (မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်) (AD 764 - AD 1252) 1287 invaded by Mongol
- Muong Mao Kingdom (မိူင်းမၢဝ်း) (AD 1311 - AD 1604) invaded by Bayinnaung in 1562
- Lanna (Yonok) Kingdom (မိူင်းလၢၼ့်ၼႃး) (AD 773 - AD 1080)
- SipSongPanna (မိူင်းသိပ်းသွင်ပၼ်းၼႃး) (AD 1180 - AD 1292)
- Waisali Kingdom (မိူင်းတူၼ်ႈသွၼ်းၶမ်း) (AD 1227 - AD 1838)
- Sukhothai (မိူင်းထႆး) (AD 1238 - AD 1350)
Nan Chao Kingdom
- Nam Chao was formed by Ai Lao descendent in AD 47.
- Nan Chao was destroyed by Mongol (Kupalaikan) in AD-1253.
- After Nan-chao was overrun by Mongols, new Tai immigrants from that are arrived to build up the population in (Nam Mon region).
- Later on, the basis was established for the future greatness of Mong Mao Long. The Ai Lao brought with them their knowledge of administration as well as their military skills, cultural heritage air, literature, architecture, weaving, and other craft industries.
- Mao region was located in a most strategic place. Could enter upper Myanmar easily.
- Cross Irrawaddy and Chindwin and establish the Kingdom of the Ahom Shan, occupy Hkamti long area.
- The Tai people from the Mong Mao area also moved south along the Irrawaddy river to be joined by other groups coming down the Shan State to settle in Upper Myanmar. Mong Kaung became the 2nd Capital of Mong Mao.
- There are many proverbs and teaching to the greatness of Mao Kingdom.
Kings of Mong Mao Long Era
- Hkun Lai 568
- Ai-Dyep-That-Hpa 638
- Hkam Pong-Hpa 678
- Hkam Sap-Hpa ?
- Hkam Sip-Hpa 703
- Ni-Fa-Mong 763
- Sao Hkam Hpa 783
- Sao Hkai Hpa 834
- Sao Han- Hpa 868
- Sao Tao-Hpa 901
- Sao Powt-Hpa 933
- Sao Won (wan) Hpa 960
- Sao Hon-Hpa 983
- Sao Hau-Hpa 996
- Sao Lip-Hpa 1014
- Hkun Kwot-Hpa 1035
- Sao Tai-Hpa 1050
- Sao Lu Lu 1062
- Sao Sang Mwun 1081
- Sao Sang Yaw 1096
- Sao Tai-Hpa 1103
- Sao Hseng Nga 1112
- Sao Lu-Chu (Chio) 1123
- Sao Nga-Chao 1137
- Sao Hkun-Ming 1145
- Sao Hkun Kum 1163
- Sao Tai Pum 1171
- Sao Tai Laing (long) 1188
- Pam-Yau-Pung 1203
- Sao Kwan Hpa (Hso-Hkan-Hpa) 1220
- Sao Pin-Hpa 1250
- Tai Peng or Sao Hkam-Hpa 1282
- Sao Wak-Hpa 1285
- Interregnum 1315
- Ai Puk 1324
- Interregnum 1324
- Sao Ki-Hpa (or) Tai Pong 1339
- Tai Lung 1346
- Sao Lwei or Sao Tit-Hpa 1396
- Sao Ngan-Hpa 1415
- Sao Lam-Kon-Hkam Hpa 1448
- Sao Hum (hom) Hpa 1461
- Sao Ha-Hpa 1490
- Sao Pim-Hpa 1496
- Sao Hum Hpa 1516
- Sao Poreing 1604
Mong Mao Long and Sao Hsur Hkan Pha
- Mong Mao came to be known as Mong Mao Long only when Sao Hsur Hkan Pha came to the throne in 1220
- His main objectives was to recover all the Tai territories lost during the Nan-chao period.
- Mong Se-Long or Yunnan-fu (Kunming), several principalities down the cambodian river that previously belonged to the Nan-chao king, including the Shan states, Lower Myanmar including Bago, Yangon, Mawlamyaing, all principalities of importance of Laos, and Hsenwi are all under Mao control.
Invading Myanmar and India
- His brother Sam-Long-Pha the most outstanding military commander to Assam.
- One division to northern Rakhine
- One division to Manipur and Kachar
Mong Mao Long ruling area
- Mong Mit (comprising six mong: Bhama, Molai (Mong Leng), Ungbaung His Paw, Hsumhsai, Singu, and Taguang.
- Mong Kwang (comprising ninety-nine mong, among which the following were the most important: Mong Long (Assam), Kassei (Manipur), Part of Rakhine, Yaw country, Kalay, Hsoung-hsop, Maing Kaing, Mong Yaung, Mong Kwon, San Kring Hkamti, Mong Li (Hkamti proper), Mohnyin, Mautsobo, Kunnung-Kunmum (Mishnu country), kang-Sei (Naga country).
- Hsenwi, comprising thirty-nine mong
- Mong Nai
- Kung Ma
- Chiang Sen
- Lan-San (Lin Zin)
- Bagan
- Yun (Chaing Mai)
- King-Lung (said to be Kieng Hung, Kaing-Yung gyi of Cheili)
- Kiang-Laung (said to be district north of Ayutthaya)
- Mong Lem
- Tai Lai (Tali-fu)
- Wanchang (Yung Chang-fu)
- Palaung country (Tawng Peng)
- Sang- Pho (Songpho country)
- Karen (Kayin) country
- Lawaik
- Lapyit
- Lamu
- La-Khaing
- Ayutthaya (Siam)
- Tawi (Tavoy)
- Yunsaleng
The Fall of Mong Mao Long and rise of Bago
- From 1448-1515 the Chinese launched a series of military offensives against Mong Mao Long.
- After Hso Hkan Hpa, Mong Mao Long became weak and lacked the ability to organize an effective army.
- Mong Mao Long was being squeezed between China and Myanmar (Chinese and Bayinnaung)
- In 1562 Bayinnaung of Bago sent army of two hundred thousand men to invade Mong Mao Long (cross Ba Maw). Became the vassal of the King of Bago.
Their (People of Moung Mao Lone) migration
- The first migration of Shan was said to be taken place in first century BC when wars in central China drove many Tai people from that area.
- Those people moved South founded ancient Shan cities such as “MuongMao” (မိူင်းမၢဝ်း) “MuongNai” (မိူင်းၼၢႆး) “HsenWi” (သႅၼ်ဝီ) and “HsiPaw” (သီႇပေႃ့)/ All of them are in Burma today.
- The second migration took place in 6th century AD from the mountain of Yunnan. They followed “Nam Mao River” (ၼမ့်မၢဝ်း) to the South and settled in the valleys and regions surrounding the river.
- Some continued west into Thailand. A second branch went north following the Brahmaputra River into Northern Assam, India. These three groups of Tai migrants were; Tai Ahom (Assam), Siam (Thailand) and Shan (Shan State), came to regard themselves as
- “Free People".
Tai in China
- In China about ten million Shan live in Yunnan, Hainan and Canton. They are known as Dai.
- There are three main Tai groups in China such as Dai Nua, Dai Mao and Dai Lu.
- Other Tai groups in China are known as Dai Yangze, Dai Nam (Sue Dai) or Dai Nung, Dai Lai, Dai Lone, Dai Chaung, Dai Doi, Dai Lung, Dai Kai Hua Jen, Tuo Law or Pa Yi, Pu Tai, Pu Naung, Pu Man, Pu Yu, Pu Chia, Pu En, Pu Yai, Pu Sui, Dai Ching, Dai Pa, Dai Tu Jen, Dai Doi, Dai Tho, Dai Hakkas, Dai Ong Be, Dai Li or Dai Lo.
Tai in other countries
- In India Tai live in Assam State. They are known as Tai Ahom or Tai Assam or Tai Khamti.
- In Lao they are known as Lao-Tai, include local groups such as Black Tai (Tai Dam) (Dai Lum) and Red Tai (Tai Deng) (Tai Leng) and Tai Nua.
- In Thailand they are known as Tai Yai, literally means Great Tai.
- In Vietnam they are known as Black Tai (တႆးလမ်) and White Tai (Tai Khao) (တႆးၶၢဝ်) numbering about five hundred thousand. Some other Tai in Vietnam are; Tai Tho (တႆးထူဝ်ႇ), Tai Nung (တႆးၼုင်း) Tai To Tis (တႆးထူဝ်ႇတိတ့်), Tai Yang or Tai Nhang (တႆးယၢင်း/တႆးၼၢင်း) Tai Leng (တႆးလႅင်), Tai Pong Toa (တႆးၽွင်းထူဝ့်), Dai Luae (တႆးလိုဝ့်)
- According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the estimate total number of Tai in the late 20th century is about 75,760,000 (including 45,060,000 Thai in Thailand, 3,020,000 Laotians in Laos, 3,710,000 Shan in Burma, 21,180,000 Dai in China, and about 2,790,000 Tai in Vietnam.) (Tai in India, Assam State, are not included in this statistic).
The Tai in Burma/Myanmar
- The Shan were already present in Myanmar in the pre-Bagan period.
- The Shan came down from the mountains of southern Yunan into the Mao valley and migrated into Myanmar.
- When they enter Myanmar they were given new different name by local ethic group. Tai were known to Bamar as Shan, to the Yunnanist as Pai-yi, to the Mon as Sem.
The Tai in Myanmar
- The Shan were already present in Myanmar in the pre-Bagan period.
- The Shan came down from the mountains of southern Yunan into the Mao valley and migrated into Myanmar.
- When they enter Myanmar they were given new different name by local ethic group. Tai were known to Bamar as Shan, to the Yunnanist as Pai-yi, to the Mon as Sem.
1. north-western part of Myanmar
- They were included who scattered over northern Myanmar proper from Manipur, Assam (Ahom) to Bhamao.
- They formed Mong such as Mong Kwang, Mong Yang, Mong Waing Hso, Mong Kale, Mong Hsaung Hsop, Mong Singkaling Hkamti, Shwebo. Hukaung-Tanai valley was also occupied by the Shan.
- The Hkamti Shan moved along Irrawaddy and set up a large settlement by the river, Malika and named Hkamti Long.
- In the north of Kat Hsa and Katha was inhabited by Tai Leng.
- The Kadu, Pwon and Indawgyi were occupied by Tai Leng
2. The north-eastern part
- Tai Neu along the Nam mao river and Salween river. Have own feudal administrative system called Sap pha.
- They migrated from Ba Maw down to Nam Kham, Muse, Hsenwi, His Paw, Mong Kung, and Lai Kha. Along the Salween to Mong Leim, Mong La, Keng Tong to Hsiphsaungbana to Laos.
- Use Lik Hto Ngouk. (လိၵ်ႈထူဝ်ႇငွၵ်ႈ)
3. The eastern part of Myanmar
- Tai Long into 2 groups. Tai Hkun, Tai Lu, Tai Lem, Tai Neu, Tai Yuan, Tai Lao and Tai Htai.
- Tai Yai.
4. south-eastern Part of Myanmar
- They are in Kayah state especially in Hpa Saung. Some extend to Thailand Mae Hong Son and Kayah-thailand border. They are Tai Long
5. Central and lower parts of Myanmar
- In Pyin Oo Lwin (Pang Oo) Sagaing, Pyimana, Taungoo, Phyu, Taikkyi, Tharawady. Thonese, Twante, down to Mawlamyaing, Thahton, and some areas in Tanintharyi division.
The Shan Hegemony in Upper Myanmar from 1287-1555
- 1287-1555 are recognized as the period of Shan kings in upper Myanmar. Pinya, Sagaing, Inwa (Ava).
- Myinsaing and Pinya were founded by the Shan kings 1298-1364
1- Athinhkaya 1298
2- Yazathinkyan 1298
3- Thihathu 1312
4- Usana 1324
5- Ngasishin 1343
6- Kyawswa- nge 1350
7- Narathu 1359
8- Uzana Byaung 1364
2- Yazathinkyan 1298
3- Thihathu 1312
4- Usana 1324
5- Ngasishin 1343
6- Kyawswa- nge 1350
7- Narathu 1359
8- Uzana Byaung 1364
- Sagaing was founded by the Shan Kings and seven ruled it from 1315 to 1352.
1- Sawyun 13152
- Tarabyagyi 13233
- Shwetaungtet 13364
- Kyaswa 13405- Nawrahtaminye 13506- Tarabyange 13507- Minbyauk Thihapate 1352
- Tarabyagyi 13233
- Shwetaungtet 13364
- Kyaswa 13405- Nawrahtaminye 13506- Tarabyange 13507- Minbyauk Thihapate 1352
Inwa
Sao Hsur Khan Pha conquered Inwa throne fromThadominpya in 1363
Thadominpya 1364
Nga Nu 1368
Minkyiwasawke 1368
Tarabya 1401
Nga Nauk Hsan 1401
Minhkaung 1401
Thihathu 1422
Minhla-nge 1426
Kalekytaungnyo 1426
Mohnyinthado 1427
Minrekyawswa 1440
Narapati 1443
Thihathura 146
Minhkaung 1481
Shwenankyawshin 1502
Thohanbwa 1527
Hkonmaing 1543
Mobye Narapati 1546
Sithukyawhtin 1552
1555-1556 conquered by BayinnaungMinrekyawswa 1440
Narapati 1443
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